感觉要做的事情太多，不堪重负。

Do you ever stare at your to-do list and feel your chest tighten? You’re not alone. In today’s nonstop world, feeling overwhelmed is a near-universal experience.

More than half of young adults report feeling overwhelmed most of the time, and nearly half say stress makes it hard to function day to day. This constant feeling of overwhelm can interfere with all aspects of life and functioning.

Why We Get Overwhelmed: What’s Happening in Your Brain and Body

Overwhelm is what happens when the demands on us exceed our mental and emotional capacity. As psychologist Dr. Faye Begeti puts it, “Overwhelm happens when demands exceed our capacity”—especially when we’re juggling too many roles at once.

1. Cognitive Overload: Too Much Input, Not Enough Bandwidth

Our brains can only handle so much at once. When faced with a flood of responsibilities, information, and distractions, we hit “cognitive overload.”

This leads to mental paralysis—feeling stuck and unable to act. Constant emails, texts, and notifications only add to the chaos, leaving us exhausted before we’ve even started our real work.

2. Modern Life and the Myth of Multitasking

Life today bombards us with inputs from every direction. In many cases, it might not be one big tasks that overwhelms us, but multiple demands on our attention.

Although multitasking might feel productive, research shows it actually reduces focus and memory performance.

3. Anxiety, Perfectionism, and Overthinking

Anxiety makes even small tasks feel huge. Your brain spins through worst-case scenarios, making it hard to begin anything.

Perfectionism adds pressure to do everything flawlessly, fueling the cycle of stress and avoidance.

Rumination—repeatedly thinking about worries—makes the problem worse.

4. Burnout: When Overwhelm Becomes Chronic

Chronic overwhelm can lead to burnout, categorized as emotional and physical exhaustion, low motivation, and reduced performance.

Burnout often starts subtly but builds over time. You might feel irritable, fatigued, or hopeless, even when tasks aren’t objectively difficult.

5. Too Many Small Tasks Add Up

Sometimes it’s not the size of the task, but the sheer volume. A long to-do list of small errands can feel more overwhelming than a big project.

You might become almost paralysed by decision fatigue – not knowing where to start, often ending up doing nothing at all.

6. Pressure and Expectations: Trying to Be Everything for Everyone

Internal pressure and external expectations can push us to overload ourselves. Fear of missing out (FOMO), social media comparisons, and the cultural glorification of productivity all contribute.

Many people feel guilty for resting or saying no, despite not having unlimited mental energy to spare.

First Aid for Overwhelm: What to Do Right Now

When overwhelm hits, it can feel like your brain is short-circuiting. These quick, evidence-backed strategies act like emotional first aid—helping you reset, calm down, and take back control. Try one or two the next time you feel your mind spinning.

1. Dump Everything Onto Paper

Why it helps: When you hold everything in your head, it feels chaotic. Getting it down on paper reduces mental clutter.

How to do it:

• Take a notebook or open a blank digital doc.
• Write down everything on your mind—tasks, worries, reminders—without organizing.
• Once it’s all out, scan the list. Highlight 2–3 things that actually need attention today. Let the rest wait.
• Consider creating three categories: urgent, can wait, and not mine to fix. This helps you mentally offload what isn’t immediately actionable.

This “brain dump” transforms abstract stress into something concrete and manageable.

2. Breathe Deeply and Deliberately

Why it helps: Overwhelm puts your body in fight-or-flight mode—shallow breathing, tense muscles, racing heart. Deep breathing slows your nervous system.

How to do it:

• Sit or stand comfortably. Place one hand on your stomach.
• Inhale slowly through your nose for a count of 4, letting your stomach rise.
• Hold for 1–2 seconds.
• Exhale through your mouth for 4–6 seconds, feeling your stomach fall.
• Repeat this for 1–2 minutes. Aim for a total of 6–8 slow breaths.

You can use an app like Insight Timer or Calm to guide you, or simply pair breathing with a calming activity like sipping tea or looking out the window.

3. Ground Yourself in the Present Moment

Why it helps: When you’re overwhelmed, your brain time-travels—worrying about the future or replaying the past. Grounding brings you back to “right now,” where you can act.

How to do it (5–4–3–2–1 method):

• Name 5 things you can see (e.g., “lamp, pen, tree, phone, mug”).
• Name 4 things you can physically feel (e.g., “feet on the floor, shirt on my skin”).
• Name 3 things you can hear.
• Name 2 things you can smell.
• Name 1 thing you can taste.

This sensory check-in interrupts the anxious loop and centers your attention.

4. Do the Smallest Possible Task

Why it helps: When your to-do list feels endless, your brain may freeze. Taking a tiny action creates momentum and restores a sense of agency.

How to do it:

• Ask yourself, “What’s one thing I can complete in under five minutes?”
• Examples: throw away one piece of junk mail, respond to a quick message, load one dish into the dishwasher, open your laptop and title your document.
• Don’t worry about the rest of the list yet. Completing one task tells your brain, “I can do things.”

Psychologist Alice Boyes suggests asking, “What’s the next best action I can take, given how I feel right now?” Start there.

5. Try a Mini Mindfulness or Relaxation Technique

Why it helps: Just five minutes of mindfulness or muscle relaxation can calm your body and stop overwhelm from escalating.

How to do it:

• Mindfulness: Sit still and focus on your breath or the sounds around you. When your mind wanders, gently bring it back. You can use guided meditations (many are free on YouTube or apps).
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation: Starting with your toes, tense each muscle group for five seconds, then release. Move upward to your legs, torso, arms, and face.

Set a timer for five minutes and give yourself permission to pause. These brief resets train your brain to tolerate stress without shutting down.

6. Reach Out to Someone You Trust

Why it helps: Overwhelm often makes you feel isolated. Sharing your stress with someone else can offer emotional relief, new perspective, or even practical help.

How to do it:

• Send a quick text: “I’m super overwhelmed today and needed to say it out loud.”
• Call a friend or partner and say, “I don’t need solutions—just a bit of support.”
• If you’re at work, mention to a coworker or supervisor that you’re struggling to prioritize—sometimes a quick conversation can lead to support or deadline shifts.

Human connection softens the stress response. Even a few kind words can shift your state of mind.

Long-Term Tools: How to Prevent Overwhelm Before It Starts

Quick fixes are helpful in the moment, but lasting relief from overwhelm comes from changing the systems and habits that contribute to it. These longer-term strategies help you manage your time and energy more intentionally, so you’re not constantly on the verge of burnout.

1. Set Clear Boundaries (And Stick to Them)

Why it helps: Overwhelm often stems from taking on too much, especially when we don’t feel like we can say no.

How to do it:

• Practice saying no with phrases like, “I don’t have capacity right now,” or “I’d love to help, but I have to prioritize my current commitments.”
• Set work boundaries: stop checking emails after a certain time, decline unnecessary meetings, or use autoresponders during off-hours.
• Use technology to support boundaries—set “Do Not Disturb” on your phone during rest hours.
• Communicate your limits kindly but firmly with family, coworkers, or friends.

At first, setting boundaries might feel uncomfortable. But over time, you’ll notice a big payoff in mental clarity and reduced stress.

2. Use Time Management That Supports (Not Stresses) You

Why it helps: A chaotic schedule breeds overwhelm. But rigid productivity plans can also backfire if they’re too unrealistic.

How to do it:

• Start with a basic weekly schedule. Block time for focused work, errands, breaks, and rest.
• Use “time blocking” for tasks, e.g., 30 minutes for email, 1 hour for deep work, 20 minutes for chores.
• Try “task batching”: group similar tasks (e.g., all phone calls or errands) into a single time slot to reduce mental switching costs.
• Avoid micromanaging every minute. Build in flexibility so your plan feels supportive, not suffocating.

Instead of chasing perfect productivity, aim for a rhythm that feels sustainable and leaves room to breathe.

3. Build Energy-Boosting Habits into Your Routine

Why it helps: When your body is running on empty, whether from poor sleep, skipped meals, or no downtime—everything feels harder.

How to do it:

• Sleep: Set a consistent bedtime and wake time. Try a wind-down routine—dim the lights, avoid screens for 30 minutes, or read something light.
• Movement: Aim for short daily movement, even a 15-minute walk lowers stress and boosts mood. Pick something you enjoy so it’s easier to stick with.
• Nutrition: Fuel yourself regularly. Skipping meals can worsen anxiety and fatigue.
• Unplugging: Designate tech-free time (e.g., no phone after 9 PM) to give your brain a break.

Your habits don’t have to be perfect—just consistent enough to keep your mental “battery” charged.

4. Trim and Prioritize Your To-Do List

Why it helps: A mile-long task list creates decision fatigue and makes everything feel urgent, even when it’s not.

How to do it:

• At the start of each day or week, identify 3–4 high-priority tasks. Focus your energy there.
• Use the Eisenhower Matrix to sort tasks:
  • Urgent & Important: Do it soon.
  • Important but Not Urgent: Schedule it.
  • Urgent but Not Important: Delegate it.
  • Neither: Delete it.
• Regularly audit your list. Ask, “Does this task really need to happen today—or at all?”
• Break large tasks into micro-steps. Instead of “write report,” list “open doc,” “write outline,” “draft intro.”

When your list reflects what actually matters, it becomes a tool—not a source of panic.

5. Build in Buffer Time and Regular Breaks

Why it helps: Packing your day back-to-back is a recipe for mental exhaustion. Downtime isn’t wasted time, it’s necessary recovery.

How to do it:

• Pad 10–15 minutes between meetings or tasks to reset.
• Follow a work-break cycle like Pomodoro (25 minutes of work, 5-minute break) or 52–17 (52 minutes work, 17-minute break).
• Schedule “white space” in your calendar—time that isn’t assigned to anything, so you can catch your breath or adjust if something takes longer than expected.
• Take real breaks: stretch, go outside, eat slowly, or just sit in silence.

Even short pauses throughout the day restore focus and help you finish the day with more energy, not less.

6. Address the Root Causes of Your Overwhelm

Why it helps: Overwhelm is a signal that something’s not working. Identifying the source lets you change what’s changeable, rather than just coping endlessly.

How to do it:

• Ask yourself: What keeps making me feel overwhelmed? Common culprits include:
  • A disorganized space → Try decluttering or creating simple systems.
  • Poor delegation → Ask for help or offload lower-priority tasks.
  • Work overload → Talk to your supervisor about rebalancing expectations.
  • Unrealistic personal expectations → Reflect on whether perfectionism or comparison is driving you.

Small changes, like automating bills or meal-prepping on Sundays, can remove repeated stress points. Consider journaling or therapy to explore deeper patterns.

When to Seek Help: Overwhelm Might Be a Sign of Something More

Feeling overwhelmed now and then is normal. But if the feeling is constant, intense, or starts interfering with your life, it may point to a deeper issue.

Anxiety Disorders

If daily worries spiral out of control and leave you constantly on edge, you might be experiencing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, irritability, and sleep problems.

Depression

Overwhelm combined with low energy, hopelessness, or disinterest in activities you used to enjoy could signal depression. If you’re struggling to function, it’s time to talk to a professional.

Burnout

If you feel emotionally numb, cynical, or exhausted for months on end, especially in a work or caregiving role, you may be burned out. Burnout often requires more than rest; it may call for meaningful changes to your workload or environment.

Other Conditions

ADHD, PTSD, or obsessive-compulsive tendencies can all heighten feelings of overwhelm. A proper diagnosis and treatment plan can bring relief.

If self-help strategies aren’t working, or your stress interferes with your relationships, work, or wellbeing, don’t wait to seek support. You deserve to feel better.

Final Thoughts: Overwhelm Is a Signal, Not a Failure

Overwhelm doesn’t mean you’re weak—it means you’ve been trying to do too much, often for too long, without enough support. The good news? There are tools, strategies, and people who can help. Start small. Breathe. Take one step.

You don’t have to do everything. You just have to do the next thing.ReviewerAuthor

Saul McLeod, PhD

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

因太多事情要做而感到不知所措

您是否曾经盯着自己的待办事项清单感到胸口发紧？你并不孤单。在当今忙碌的世界中，不知所措几乎是一种普遍的体验。

超过一半的年轻人表示，大部分时间都感到不知所措，近一半的人表示，压力使他们难以日常生活。这种持续的不知所措的感觉会干扰生活和功能的各个方面。

为什么我们会不知所措：你的大脑和身体发生了什么

当我们的要求超出了我们的精神和情感承受能力时，就会发生压倒性的情况。正如心理学家Faye Begeti 博士所说，“当需求超出我们的能力时，我们就会不知所措”——尤其是当我们同时兼顾太多角色时。

1. 认知超载：输入太多，带宽不足

我们的大脑一次只能处理这么多事情。当面对大量的责任、信息和干扰时，我们会出现“认知超载”。

这会导致精神瘫痪——感觉被困住并且无法采取行动。不断的电子邮件、短信和通知只会增加混乱，让我们在开始真正的工作之前就筋疲力尽。

2. 现代生活与多任务处理的神话

今天的生活从各个方面对我们进行轰炸。在许多情况下，让我们不知所措的可能不是一项艰巨的任务，而是需要我们集中注意力的多项任务。

尽管多任务处理可能会让人感觉富有成效，但研究表明它实际上会降低注意力和记忆力。

3. 焦虑、完美主义和过度思考

焦虑会让即使是很小的任务也变得艰巨。你的大脑会经历最坏的情况，让你很难开始任何事情。

完美主义增加了把每件事都做到完美的压力，助长了压力和回避的循环。

反省——反复思考担忧——会让问题变得更糟。

4.倦怠：当不堪重负变成慢性时

慢性不堪重负会导致倦怠，表现为情绪和身体疲惫、动力不足和表现下降。

倦怠通常是在不知不觉中开始的，但随着时间的推移会逐渐形成。即使任务客观上并不困难，您也可能会感到烦躁、疲劳或绝望。

5.太多的小任务加起来

有时，问题不在于任务的大小，而在于其数量。一长串小差事的待办事项可能比一个大项目更令人难以承受。

你可能会因决策疲劳而几乎瘫痪——不知道从哪里开始，往往最终什么都不做。

6.压力与期望：尽力为每个人提供一切

内部压力和外部期望会让我们超负荷。对错过机会的恐惧（FOMO）、社交媒体比较以及对生产力的文化颂扬都是促成因素。

许多人因为休息或拒绝而感到内疚，尽管他们没有无限的精神能量。

不知所措的急救：现在该怎么办

当不知所措袭来时，你会感觉大脑短路了。这些快速且有证据支持的策略就像情绪急救一样，帮助您重新调整、冷静下来并重新获得控制权。下次当你感到头脑旋转时，尝试一两个。

1.把所有东西都写在纸上

为什么有帮助：当你把所有事情都记在脑子里时，会感觉很混乱。把它写在纸上可以减少精神上的混乱。

如何做：

• 拿一个笔记本或打开一个空白的数字文档。
• 写下你脑子里的一切——任务、忧虑、提醒——无需组织。
• 全部完成后，扫描列表。突出显示今天实际需要注意的 2-3 件事。剩下的就等吧。
• 考虑创建三个类别：紧急的、可以等待的、不是我需要修复的。这可以帮助你在精神上摆脱那些不能立即采取行动的事情。

这种“大脑转储”将抽象的压力转化为具体且可管理的压力。

2.深呼吸、有意识地呼吸

为什么有帮助：不知所措会让你的身体进入战斗或逃跑模式——呼吸浅、肌肉紧张、心跳加速。深呼吸会减慢你的神经系统。

如何做：

• 舒适地坐着或站着。将一只手放在肚子上。
• 通过鼻子慢慢吸气，数到 4，让胃部起伏。
• 保持 1-2 秒。
• 用嘴呼气 4-6 秒，感觉胃下坠。
• 重复此动作 1-2 分钟。目标是总共 6-8 次缓慢呼吸。

您可以使用Insight Timer或Calm等应用程序来指导您，或者只是将呼吸与喝茶或望向窗外等平静活动结合起来。

3.立足当下

为什么有帮助：当你不知所措时，你的大脑会进行时间旅行——担心未来或重温过去。扎根会让你回到“现在”，在那里你可以采取行动。

如何做（5-4-3-2-1方法）：

• 说出 5 个你能看到的东西（例如，“灯、笔、树、电话、杯子”）。
• 说出 4 件你能感觉到的事情（例如，“脚在地板上，衬衫在我的皮肤上”）。
• 说出 3 件你能听到的事情。
• 说出 2 种你能闻到的气味。
• 说出 1 种你能尝到的东西。

这种感官检查会打断焦虑循环并集中你的注意力。

4. 做尽可能小的任务

为什么有帮助：当你感觉待办事项清单无穷无尽时，你的大脑可能会冻结。采取微小的行动可以创造动力并恢复代理感。

如何做：

• 问问自己，“我可以在五分钟内完成哪一件事？”
• 例如：扔掉一封垃圾邮件、回复一条快速消息、将一盘盘子放入洗碗机、打开笔记本电脑并为文档添加标题。
• 不用担心列表中的其余部分。完成一项任务会告诉你的大脑：“我能做事。”

心理学家爱丽丝·博伊斯建议问：“考虑到我现在的感受，我能采取的下一个最佳行动是什么？”从那里开始。

5.尝试迷你正念或放松技巧

为什么有帮助：只需五分钟的正念或肌肉放松就可以让您的身体平静下来，并阻止压力升级。

如何做：

• 正念：静静地坐着，专注于呼吸或周围的声音。当你的思绪走神时，轻轻地把它拉回来。您可以使用引导式冥想（许多在 YouTube 或应用程序上都是免费的）。
• 渐进式肌肉放松：从脚趾开始，拉紧每个肌肉群五秒钟，然后放松。向上移动到腿部、躯干、手臂和脸部。

设置一个五分钟的计时器，并允许自己暂停。这些短暂的重置可以训练您的大脑在不停机的情况下承受压力。

6. 联系你信任的人

为什么有帮助：不知所措常常让你感到孤立。与他人分享你的压力可以缓解情绪、获得新的视角，甚至带来实际帮助。

如何做：

• 快速发送短信：“我今天非常不知所措，需要大声说出来。”
• 打电话给朋友或合作伙伴并说：“我不需要解决方案，只需一点支持。”
• 如果您在工作，请向同事或主管提及您正在努力确定优先顺序 – 有时快速交谈可能会带来支持或截止日期的改变。

人际关系可以缓解压力反应。即使是几句善意的话也能改变你的心态。

长期工具：如何预防不堪重负

快速修复在当下是有帮助的，但持久的缓解压力来自于改变导致压力的系统和习惯。这些长期策略可以帮助您更有意识地管理时间和精力，这样您就不会经常处于倦怠的边缘。

1.设定明确的界限（并坚持下去）

为什么有帮助：不知所措往往源于承担太多，尤其是当我们觉得自己无法拒绝时。

如何做：

• 练习用“我现在没有能力”或“我很乐意提供帮助，但我必须优先考虑当前的承诺”等短语来拒绝。
• 设定工作界限：在一定时间后停止检查电子邮件，拒绝不必要的会议，或在下班时间使用自动回复器。
• 使用技术来支持界限——在休息时间在手机上设置“请勿打扰”。
• 与家人、同事或朋友善意而坚定地沟通你的极限。

起初，设定界限可能会让人感到不舒服。但随着时间的推移，你会发现精神清晰和压力减轻的巨大回报。

2. 使用时间管理来支持（而不是给你带来压力）

为什么有帮助：混乱的日程安排会让人不知所措。但如果过于不切实际，严格的生产力计划也会适得其反。

如何做：

• 从基本的每周计划开始。留出时间来专注工作、办事、休息和休息。
• 对任务使用“时间限制”，例如，30 分钟处理电子邮件，1 小时进行深度工作，20 分钟处理家务。
• 尝试“任务批处理”：将相似的任务（例如，所有电话或差事）分组到一个时间段中，以减少心理转换成本。
• 避免每分钟都进行微观管理。建立灵活性，让你的计划给人一种支持性的感觉，而不是令人窒息的感觉。

不要追求完美的生产力，而是要追求一种可持续的节奏，并留有呼吸的空间。

3. 在日常生活中养成补充能量的习惯

为什么有帮助：当你的身体处于空虚状态时，无论是由于睡眠质量不佳、不吃饭还是没有休息时间，一切都会变得更加困难。

如何做：

• 睡眠：设定一致的就寝时间和起床时间。尝试放松一下——调暗灯光，30 分钟避开屏幕，或者阅读一些轻松的内容。
• 运动：每天进行短时间的运动，即使是 15 分钟的步行也能减轻压力并改善情绪。选择你喜欢的东西，这样更容易坚持下去。
• 营养：定期给自己补充能量。不吃饭会加剧焦虑和疲劳。
• 拔掉插头：指定一段不接触电子产品的时间（例如，晚上 9 点后不要打电话），让您的大脑休息一下。

你的习惯不必是完美的——只要足够一致以保持你的精神“电池”充电即可。

4. 修剪你的待办事项列表并确定优先顺序

为什么有帮助：一英里长的任务清单会造成决策疲劳，让一切都感觉很紧急，即使事实并非如此。

如何做：

• 在每天或每周开始时，确定 3-4 项高优先级任务。将你的精力集中在那里。
• 使用艾森豪威尔矩阵对任务进行排序：
  • 紧急且重要：尽快做。
  • 重要但不紧急：安排它。
  • 紧急但不重要：委派它。
  • 两者都不是：删除它。
• 定期审核您的清单。问：“这项任务今天真的需要执行吗？或者根本不需要执行吗？”
• 将大任务分解为微步骤。不要列出“写报告”，而是列出“打开文档”、“写大纲”、“草稿简介”。

当你的清单反映了真正重要的事情时，它就成为一种工具，而不是恐慌的根源。

5. 建立缓冲时间和定期休息

为什么有帮助：连续一天的安排会导致精神疲惫。停机不是浪费时间，而是必要的恢复。

如何做：

• 在会议或任务之间留出 10-15 分钟进行重置。
• 遵循番茄工作法（工作 25 分钟，休息 5 分钟）或52-17（工作 52 分钟，休息 17 分钟）等工作休息周期。
• 在日历中安排“空白时间”，即未分配给任何事情的时间，这样您就可以喘口气，或者在某件事花费的时间比预期长时进行调整。
• 真正休息一下：伸展身体、出去走走、慢慢吃东西，或者只是安静地坐着。

即使是一天中短暂的停顿，也能恢复注意力，并帮助您以更多而不是更少的精力结束这一天。

6.解决你不知所措的根本原因

为什么有帮助：不知所措是某件事不起作用的信号。找出根源可以让你改变那些可以改变的事情，而不是无休止地应对。

如何做：

• 问问自己：是什么让我一直感到不知所措？常见的罪魁祸首包括：
  • 杂乱的空间 → 尝试整理或创建简单的系统。
  • 委派不力 → 寻求帮助或卸载优先级较低的任务。
  • 工作超负荷 → 与您的主管讨论重新平衡期望的问题。
  • 不切实际的个人期望 → 反思是否是完美主义或攀比在驱使你。

小的改变，比如自动化账单或周日准备饭菜，可以消除重复的压力点。考虑写日记或治疗来探索更深层次的模式。

何时寻求帮助：不知所措可能是其他情况的征兆

时不时感到不知所措是正常的。但如果这种感觉持续、强烈或开始干扰你的生活，则可能表明存在更深层次的问题。

焦虑症

如果日常忧虑失控并让您始终处于紧张状态，您可能患有广泛性焦虑症 (GAD)。症状包括烦躁、疲劳、烦躁和睡眠问题。

沮丧

不知所措加上精力不足、绝望或对过去喜欢的活动不感兴趣可能是抑郁症的信号。如果您在工作中遇到困难，是时候与专业人士交谈了。

倦怠

如果你连续几个月感到情绪麻木、愤世嫉俗或精疲力尽，尤其是在工作或护理方面，你可能会精疲力竭。倦怠通常需要的不仅仅是休息；它可能需要对您的工作负载或环境进行有意义的改变。

其他条件

ADHD、PTSD 或强迫倾向都会加剧不知所措的感觉。正确的诊断和治疗计划可以带来缓解。

如果自助策略不起作用，或者您的压力干扰了您的人际关系、工作或幸福，请立即寻求支持。你值得感觉更好。

最后的想法：不知所措是一个信号，而不是失败

不知所措并不意味着你很软弱——它意味着你一直在尝试做太多事情，通常是太长时间，却没有足够的支持。好消息？有可以提供帮助的工具、策略和人员。从小处开始。呼吸。迈出一步。

你不必做所有事情。你只需要做下一步。审稿人作者

索尔·麦克劳德博士

曼彻斯特大学心理学学士（荣誉）、研究硕士、博士

《简单心理学》主编

Saul McLeod 博士是一位合格的心理学教师，在继续教育和高等教育方面拥有超过 18 年的经验。他曾在同行评审期刊上发表文章，包括《临床心理学杂志》。